A C - 2 1 6 0 0 C A V I A R WESTERN DIGITAL Native| Translation ------+-----+-----+----- Form 3.5"/SLIMLINE Cylinders | 3148| | Capacity form/unform 1624/ MB Heads 4| 16| | Seek time / track 12.0/ 3.0 ms Sector/track | 63| | Controller IDE / ATA2 FAST/ENHA Precompensation Cache/Buffer 128 KB Landing Zone Data transfer rate 5.500 MB/S int Bytes/Sector 512 16.600 MB/S ext PIO4 Recording method PRML 8/9 operating | non-operating -------------+-------------- Supply voltage 5/12 V Temperature *C 5 55 | -40 60 Power: sleep 0.6 W Humidity % 8 80 | 5 95 standby 0.6 W Altitude km -0.305 3.048| -0.305 12.192 idle 5.1 W Shock g 10 | 150 seek 7.7 W Rotation RPM 5200 read/write 5.1 W Acoustic dBA 40 spin-up 12.4 W ECC Bit ON THE FLY,REED SOLOMON MTBF h 300000 Warranty Month 36 Lift/Lock/Park YES Certificates CE,CSA,FCC,IEC950,UL1950 ********************************************************************** L A Y O U T ********************************************************************** WESTERN AC32100/32500/21600 TECHNICAL REFERENCE MANUAL 79-860019-000 +---------------------------------------------------------+ | |XX | |XX J2 | |XX Inter- | |XX face | |XX | |.X | |XX | |XX | |XX | |XX | |X1 | |+-+ | || |J8 | |+-1 | |XX Power | |XX J3 +---------------------------------------------------------+ 1 J2 J8 J3 +39------------------------------------1++5-3-1++-------+ |o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o||o o o||O O O O| |o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o||o o o||4 3 2 1| --+40------------------------------------2++6-4-2+++-+-+-++---- | | | +12V (Pin 20 keyed) | | +- GND | +--- GND +----- +5V ********************************************************************** J U M P E R S ********************************************************************** WESTERN AC32100/32500/21600 TECHNICAL REFERENCE MANUAL 79-860019-000 Jumper setting ============== J8 Master/Slave/Cable Select Configuration ------------------------------------------- +5-3-1+ Single (Neutral Position) |xxx o| Factory default. The jumper in this position has no effect |o o o| on single hard drive configurations. +6-4-2+ +5-3-1+ Single Drive +5-3-1+ Master Drive |o o o| Configuration |X o o| Configuration |o o o| |X o o| (Dual Drives) +6-4-2+ +6-4-2+ +5-3-1+ Slave Drive |o X o| Configuration |o X o| (Dual Drives) +6-4-2+ NOTE Pins 1 and 2 are reserved; do not jumper! The Caviar can be assigned as either a single, master, or slave drive. Caviar drives are shipped with a jumper shunt in the neutral storage position (across pins 5 and 3). Dual Installations ------------------ Dual Installations require a master/slave drive configuration, where one drive is designated as the primary (master) drive and the other is designated as the secondary (slave) drive. The Caviar drive is compatible in dual installations with other IDE drives that support a master/slave configuration. Jumper Settings --------------- The Caviar drive has a jumper block (J8) located next to the 40-pin connector on the drive. The Caviar can be assigned as either a single, master, or slave drive. Caviar drives are shipped with a jumper shunt in the neutral storage position (across pins 5 and 3). Single Drive Mode - If you are installing the Caviar drive as the only hard drive in the system, leave the jumper in the neutral storage position. Jumpers are not required for single drive installations. Note that even with no jumper installed, the Caviar checks the DRIVE ACTIVE/SLAVE PRESENT (DASP) signal to determine if a slave IDE drive is present. If you have a dual installation (two hard drives), you must designate one of the drives as the master and the other as the slave drive. The jumper pins on the J8 connector need to be configured for the dual installation. Master Drive Mode - To designate the drive as the master, place a jumper shunt on pins 5-6. With the Caviar configured as the master drive, the Caviar assumes that a slave drive is present. The jumper on pins 5-6 is optional if the slave drive follows the same protocol (Common Access Method AT Bus Attachment) as the Caviar. Slave Drive Mode - To designate the drive as the slave, place a jumper shunt on pins 3-4. When the Caviar is configured as the slave drive, the Caviar delays spin up for three seconds after power-up reset. This feature prevents overloading of the power supply during power-up. J3 DC Power and pin connector assignments ------------------------------------------- +------------+ pin 1 +12 V | 4 3 2 1 | pin 2 GND +------------+ pin 3 GND pin 4 + 5 V Alternate Jumper Settings for the Caviar AC32500 ================================================ One initial boot, some system BIOs may lock up on drives that have more than 4095 cylinders (driver larger than 2.1 GB). Alternate jumper setting have been provided for the Caviar AC32500 to overcome this system BIOS limitation. These jumper settings cause the drive to report 4095 cylinders (instead of the usual 4960) in Word 1 of the Identify Drive data. The true capacity is still reported in Word 54 and Word 60-61. All other Identify Drive data remains the same. +5-3-1+ Single Drive +5-3-1+ Master Drive |X X o| Configuration |X o X| Configuration |X X o| |X o X| (Dual Drives) +6-4-2+ +6-4-2+ +5-3-1+ Slave Drive |o X X| Configuration |o X X| (Dual Drives) +6-4-2+ ********************************************************************** I N S T A L L ********************************************************************** WESTERN AC32100/32500/21600 TECHNICAL REFERENCE MANUAL 79-860019-000 Notes On Installation ===================== Orientation ----------- The Caviar can be mounted in the X, Y, or Z axis depending upon the physical design of your system. It is recommended that the drive be mounted with all four screws grounded to the chassis. Screw Size Limitations ---------------------- The Caviar is mounted to the chassis using four 6-32 screws. Recommended screw torque is 5 in-lb. Maximum screw torque is 10 in-lb. Caution: Screws that are too long will damage circuit board components. The screw must engage no more than six threads (3/16 inch). Side mounted screws should engage a maximum of .188 inches (3/16"). Bottom mounted screws should engage a maximum of .250 inches (1/4"). Grounding --------- It is recommended that the drive be mounted with all four screws in the side grounded to the chassis. The drive must be grounded with at least one mounting screw. Side mounting: Use four metal screws. Top face mounting: Use four metal screws. Determining Your Configuration ------------------------------ You can configure the Caviar in one of two ways: 1. The drive is cabled directly to a 40-pin connector on the motherboard, or 2. The drive is cabled to an adapter card mounted in one of the expansion slots in the computer. Both configurations use a 40-pin host interface cable. If you are using the Caviar drive as one of two hard disk drives in the computer (dual installation), you may use either configuration. In dual installations, you must use a 40-pin host interface cable with three connectors and daisy-chain the two drives to the motherboard or adapter card. Dual Installations ------------------ Dual installations require a master/slave drive configuration, where one drive is designated as the primary (master) drive and the other is designated as the secondary (slave) drive. The Caviar drive is compatible in dual installations with other IDE drives that support a master/slave configuration. Mounting the Drive ------------------ For dual installations, it is usually easier to completely install one IDE drive in the lower position first. The order of IDE drives is unimportant if you are using two Western Digital drives. As explained previously, one must be jumpered as the master drive and the other as the slave drive. When installation is complete, the drives are daisy-chained together. Cabling and Installation Steps ------------------------------ Make sure your interface cable is no longer than 18 inches (including daisy chaining) to minimize noise that is induced on the data and control buses. When connecting two drives, use a daisy-chain cable that has three 40-pin connectors. Connectors should be placed no more than six inches from the end of the cable. If only one drive is connected, it should be placed on the end of the cable. Caution: You may damage the Caviar drive if the interface cable is not connected properly. To prevent incorrect connection, use a cable that has keyed connectors at both the drive and host ends. Pin 20 has been removed from the J2 connector. The female connector on the interface cable should have a plug in position 20 to prevent incorrect connection. Make sure that pin 1 on the cable is connected to pin 1 on the connectors. The order in which you perform the following steps will vary depending on your system. 1. Attach the end of the 40-pin interface cable to the 40-pin J2 connector on the back of the Caviar hard drive. For dual installations, connect the two drives together by using a three-connector interface cable. Match the orientation of pin socket 1 on the 40-pin IDE cable to pin 1 on the connector. 2. Thread the cable through the empty drive bay and slide in the Caviar drive. 3. Mount the Caviar drive in the drive bay using four 6-32 screws. Be sure to use the correct size screws. Do not install the screws past six threads (3/16 inch). Screws that are too long will damage the Caviar drive. For proper grounding be sure to use ALL four screws. Interface Pin 39 DASP (I/O) Drive Active/Slave Present ------------------------------------------------------ This open collector output is a timemuliplexed signal indicating drive active or slave present. At reset, this signal is an output from the slave drive and an input to the master drive, showing that a slave is present. For all times other than reset, DASP is asserted by the master and slave drives during command execution. ********************************************************************** F E A T U R E S ********************************************************************** WESTERN AC32100/32500/21600 TECHNICAL REFERENCE MANUAL 79-860019-000 General Description ------------------- The Caviar AC32100, AC32500 and AC21600 Enhanced IDE (EIDE) disk drives are high-performance solutions designed to meet the requirements of today's most powerful systems from home and business PC's to workstations and servers. These drives are based on our successful proven design concepts. High-speed host data transfers, advanced caching, increased rotational speeds, and low mechanical latency combine to give the AC32100, AC32500 and AC21600 the level of performance demanded by today's most advanced systems. These drives support host data transfers of 16.6 MB/s Mode 4 PIO and 16.6 MB/s Mode 2 multi-word DMA enabling VESA VL or PCI local bus EIDE integration. The AC32100, AC32500 and AC21600 offer a rotational speed of 5200 RPM and include CacheFlow4. CacheFlow4 offers adaptive read and write caching capabilities which complements the advanced caching capabilities of today's major operating systems. An average read seek time of sub 12 ms and rotational latency of 5.76 ms combine to provide fast mechanical access. The AC32100, AC32500 and AC21600 offer performance beyond that of the ISA bus. Optimum performance is obtained when these drives are integrated into a VESA VL or PCI local bus EIDE environment. System integration of these drives in a DOS or Windows environment requires either BIOS, device driver or operating system support for EIDE disk drives with capacities greater than 528 MB. The AC32100, AC32500 and AC21600 drives support advanced power management capabilities that can reduce power requirements over 85 percent. All Caviar drives are preformatted (low-level) and defects are mapped out before shipment. Additional Caviar features include logical block addressing, linear logical/physical universal address translation, automatic head parking, embedded servo control data on each track, and ECC on-the-fly correction. Western Digital's award-winning Caviar drives are designed and manufactured to the highest standards of quality and reliability. This is demonstrated by their three-year warranty, 300,000 hours Mean Time Between Failure, and guaranteed compatibility. The Caviar AC32100, AC32500 and AC21600 drives are today's solution to the computer market's ever-increasing demand for higher performance and expanded connectivity capability and they still provide the advantages of low cost, compatibility and ease of use. Advanced Product Features ------------------------- - CacheFlow4 - Western Digital's unique, fourth-generation caching algorithm evaluates the way data is read from and written to the drive and adapts on-the-fly to the optimum read and write caching methods. CacheFlow4 minimizes disk seeking operations and the overhead due to rotational latency delays. CacheFlow4 includes random and sequential write cache. Incorporating write cache with other CacheFlow4 features enables the user to cache both read data as well as write data. Multiple writes can now be held in the cache and then written collectively to the hard disk later. Data is held in the cache no longer than the time required to write all cached commands to the disk. CacheFlow4 constantly evaluates not only the size of the read data request but the type of data request, that is, whether the application is sequential, random, or repetitive. CacheFlow4 then dynamically partitions the Caviar's 128-Kbyte DRAM buffer into equalsized segments and selects the appropriate caching mode for optimum system performance. - Advanced Host Transfer - The AC32100, AC32500 and AC21600 support Mode 4 PIO (16.6 MB/s) and Mode 2 multi-word DMA (16.6 MB/s) as defined by the ATA-2 standards. To achieve Mode 4 PIO burst transfers, hard disk drives must be able to throttle the host via the IORDY signal. Systems typically require a high-speed VL or PCI local bus in order to support Mode 4 PIO. - High-Speed DMA Capability - DMA Read and DMA Write commands are ATA-2-compatible and provide significant improvement in CPU bandwidth over conventional PIO data transfers. The system CPU is free to accomplish other tasks while the Caviar drive transfers data directly to/from system memory. - Power Conservation - The AC32100, AC32500 and AC21600 support the ATA-2 power management command set. This command set allows the host to reduce the power consumption of the drive by issuing a variety of power management commands. - Zoned Recording - The AC32100, AC32500 and AC21600 employ Zoned Recording to increase the data density on the outer tracks of the drive. The outermost tracks contain more sectors than the innermost tracks, thereby increasing the total capacity of the drive. - Block Mode - ATA-2 compatible Read Multiple and Write Multiple commands are supported. Block mode increases overall data transfer rates by transferring more data between system interrupts. - Logical Block Addressing (LBA) - The AC32100, AC32500 and AC21600 support both LBA and CHS-based addressing. LBA is included in advanced BIOS and operating system device drivers and ensures high-capacity disk integration. - Automatic Head Parking - Head parking is automatic with Caviar drives. On power down, the heads retract to a safe, non-data landing zone and lock into position, improving data integrity and resistance to nonoperational shock. - Advanced Defect Management - These Caviar drives are preformatted (low-level) at the factory and come with a full complement of automatic defect management functions. Extensively tested during the manufacturing process, media defects found during intelligent burn in are mapped out with Western Digital's high performance defect management technique. No modifications are required before installation. - Embedded Servo Control - These Caviar drives feature an embedded servo concept as the means of providing sampled position feedback information to the head position servo system. Servo bursts are located along a radial path from the disk center, ensuring that head positioning data occurs at constant intervals. This high sampling rate supports the high frequency servo bandwidth required for fast access times as well as highly accurate head positioning. The embedded servo concept provides the means of generating accurate feedback information without requiring a full data surface as would a dedicated servo control concept. - Dual Drive Operation - These Caviar drives support dual drive operation by means of a "daisy chain" cable assembly and configuration options for master or slave drive designation. - Universal Address Translation - These Caviar drives provide a linear disk address translator to convert logical sector addresses to physical sector addresses which provides for easy installation and compatibility with numerous drive types. - Guaranteed Compatibility - Western Digital performs extensive testing in its Functional Integrity Test Lab (FIT Lab) to ensure compatibility with all 100% AT-compatible computers and standard operating systems. - Reed Solomon ECC On-the-Fly - The Caviar implements Reed Solomon error correction techniques to obtain extremely low read error rates. This error correction algorithm corrects errors on-the-fly without any performance penalties. It allows for hardware corrections of up to a 24-bit error span on-the-fly. - Automatic Defect Retirement - If the Caviar drive detects a defective sector while writing, it automatically relocates the sector without enduser intervention. Defect Management ----------------- Every Caviar undergoes factory-level intelligent burn in, which thoroughly tests for and maps out defective sectors on the media before the drive leaves the manufacturing facility. Following the factory tests, a primary defect list is created. The list contains the cylinder, head, and sector numbers for all defects. Defects managed at the factory are sector slipped. Grown defects that can occur in the field are mapped out by relocation to spare sectors on the inner cylinders of the drive. Format Characteristics ---------------------- The Caviar is shipped from the factory preformatted (low-level) with all the known defects mapped out. In order to be compatible with existing industry standard defect management utility programs, the Caviar supports the logical format command. When the host issues the Format Track command, the Caviar performs a logical version of this command in response to the host's interleave table request for good and bad sector marking or assign/unassign the sector to/from an alternate sector. If the host issues the Format Track Command during normal operating modes, the data fields of the specified track are filled with a data pattern of all zeros. The Format Track Command can be used to mark/unmark bad sectors, and reassign unrelocated sectors. Automatic Defect Retirement --------------------------- The automatic defect retirement feature automatically maps out defective sectors while writing. If a defective sector appears, Caviar finds a spare sector. Error Recovery Process ---------------------- The Caviar has four means of error recovery: * ECC On-the-Fly * Read/Write Retry Procedure * Extended Read Retry Procedure * Extended (Firmware Assisted) ECC ECC On-the-Fly - If an ECC error occurs, the Caviar attempts to correct it on-the-fly without retries. Data can be corrected in this manner without performance penalty. Read/Write Retry Procedure - This retry procedure is used by all disk controller error types. If this procedure succeeds in reading or writing the sector being tried, then recovery is complete and the controller continues with the command. Each retry operation also checks for servo errors. This procedure ends when error recovery is achieved or when all possible retries have been attempted. Extended Read Retry Procedure - This retry procedure tries combinations of positive/negative track offsets, and data DAC manipulations to recover the data. This retry procedure is applicable only to read data recovery. The Read/Write Retry procedure is used to perform the actual retry operation. When an extended retry operation has been successful, the controller continues with the command. The controller ensures that any changes in track offset or data DAC settings that exist are cleared before the command continues. Extended (Firmware Assisted) ECC - If an ECC error is too large to correct using ECC on-the-fly, the Caviar can attempt to correct the error using Extended Error Correction. This allows correction of large ECC errors that ECC on-the-fly cannot correct. However, the Extended Error Correction process takes more time than ECC on-the-fly to return the corrected data. REED SOLOMON ECC On-the-Fly --------------------------- The Caviar implements Reed Solomon error correction techniques in hardware to reduce the uncorrectable read error rate. This allows a high degree of data integrity with no impact on the drive's performance. Because on-the-fly corrected errors do not require the drive's firmware to assist with error correction, they are invisible to the host system. To obtain the ECC check byte values, each byte within the sector is interleaved into one of three groups, where the first byte is in interleave 1, the second byte is in interleave 2, the third byte is in interleave 3, the fourth byte is in interleave 1, and so on. Interleaving and the ECC formulas enable the drive to detect where the error occurs. A maximum of one byte can be corrected in each interleave without firmware assistance. Firmware Assisted ECC ---------------------- With firmware assisted ECC, a maximum of 3 bytes can be corrected in each interleave. In this case, a 65-bit error span is the maximum that is always correctable with firmware assistance because the entire error span will never occupy more than three bytes in each interleave. Universal Address Translation ----------------------------- The Caviar implements linear address translation. The translation mode and translated drive configuration are selected by using the Set Drive Parameters command to issue head and sector/track counts to the translator. Caviar supports universal translation. Therefore, any valid combination of cylinder, head, and SPT can be assigned to the drive as long as the total number of sectors is not greater than the physical limits. The product of the cylinder, head and sectors/track counts must be equal to or less than the maximum number of sectors available to the user. AC21600 - 3,173,178 AC32100 - 4,124,736 AC32500 - 4,999,680 Each sector consists of 512 bytes. The minimum value for any translation parameter is one. The maximum value for any translation parameter is as follows: Sectors/Track - 255 Heads - 16 Cylinders/Drive - 65,535 The values in the Sector Count Register and the SDH Register determine the Sectors Per Track (SPT) and heads. Regardless of the values of the SPT and the heads, Caviar is always in the translation mode. Power Conservation ------------------ The AC32100, AC32500 and AC21600 support the ATA-2 power management commands that lower the average power consumption of the disk drives. For example, to take advantage of the lower power consumption modes of the drive, an energy efficient host system could implement a power management scheme that issues a Standby Immediate command when a host resident disk inactivity timer has expired. The Standby Immediate command would cause the drive to spin down and enter a low-power mode. Subsequent disk access commands would cause the drive to spin up and execute the new command. To avoid excessive wear on the drive due to the starting and stopping of the HDA, the host's disk inactivity timer should be set to no shorter than ten minutes. High-Speed DMA Capability ------------------------- By engaging an ATA-2 compatible, Mode 2 multi-word DMA, the host CPU bandwidth is increased because the peripheral data transfer burden is off-loaded to the system's DMA channel. With the exception of DMA data transfers, which are limited to Read DMA and Write DMA commands, all other commands must be performed using PIO. DMA or PIO data transfer mode selection by the host is performed on a command-by-command basis. Advanced Host Transfers ----------------------- The AC32100, AC32500 and AC21600 support high-speed Mode 3 and 4 PIO. These are data transfer modes that utilize hardware handshaking between the host and the drive via the IORDY signal. When the drive deasserts the IORDY signal, the host extends the read/write cycle until IORDY is asserted, thereby eliminating data corruption from overrun and underrun conditions. When in Mode 3 PIO, data can be transferred in bursts to and from the host at a rate of up to 11.1 MB per second; in Mode 4 PIO, the data can be transferred at a rate of up to 16.6 MB per second. Mode 3 and Mode 4 PIO are enabled on the drive by issuing a Set Features command. If Mode 3 or Mode 4 PIO is enabled, it can only be disabled by issuing another Set Features command, a hard reset, or by cycling power. To support Mode 4 PIO, Flow Control must be enabled in the host system. If this mode is enabled on a system that does not support Flow Control, host FIFO errors can occur. Mode 3 and Mode 4 PIO timings were defined to facilitate EIDE drive integration into VL and PCI local bus systems. Zoned Recording --------------- Zoned Recording is a mechanism for increasing the capacity of the drive by increasing the Bit-Per-Inch (BPI) density of data written on the longer outer tracks of the drive. Track capacity (number of sectors) is constant within groups of tracks or zones, and is increased when the tracks are sufficiently long to accommodate a significant number of additional sectors. This incremental increase in track capacity moving outward on the disk surface creates a series of concentric zones with different data densities. Self-Monitoring, Analysis, and Reporting Technology (S.M.A.R.T.) ---------------------------------------------------------------- S.M.A.R.T. enables a drive's internal status to be monitored through diagnostic commands at the host level. The Caviar AC21600, AC32100 and AC32500 drives monitor read error rate, start/stop count, spin-up retry count, and drive calibration retry count. All of these attributes are updated and stored on the hard drive in the reserved area of the disk. The hard drive also stores a set of attribute thresholds that correspond to the calculated attribute values. Each attribute threshold indicates the point at which its corresponding attribute value achieves a negative reliability status. WESTERN DIGITAL Defect Management Utility ----------------------------------------- All Caviar IDE drives are defect-free and low level formatted at the factory. After prolonged use, any drive, including Caviar, may develop defects. If you continue receiving data errors in any given file at the DOS level, you can use the defect management utility WDAT_IDE to recover, relocate and rewrite the user data to the nearest spare sector and maintain a secondary defect list. Caution: As with all format utilities, some options in the WDAT_IDE utility will overwrite user data. ********************************************************************** G E N E R A L ********************************************************************** WESTERN CAVIAR INSTALLATION GUIDE 79-850086-003 SO 225 11/98 TROUBLESHOOTING --------------- This section lists procedures to help resolve problems that you may encounter when installing the Western Digital hard drive. - Refer to your system documentation to be sure that you followed the setup procedures correctly. - Make sure that you partitioned and formatted the EIDE drive and any additional drive with the EZ-Drive installation software. Refer to your operating system documentation to check these procedures. - If using DOS 3.3 and above, be certain to make one partition active during formatting. - Check the physical installation of your system to make sure that: - Jumper selections on the drive are correct for your installation. - Cables are correctly connected and seated. - Adapter card, if required, is properly seated, connected, and configured. - Power is properly connected to your system and the system is plugged in. Operating System and System BIOS Limitations -------------------------------------------- Computer operating systems and system BIOSs have separate limitations that are related to specific hard drive capacities. Three capacity points that can affect how your operating system and system BIOS support your hard drive are 8.4 GB, 2.1 GB, and 528 MB. A brief description of these limitations follows. 8.4 GB Barrier: There is an 8.4 GB hard drive limitations on some traditional system BIOSs. To access the full capacity of 8.4 GB and larger hard drives, your system BIOS must support extended BIOS functions, and your operating system must recognize extended BIOS functions. It is difficult to determine if your system BIOS supports 8.4 GB or larger hard drives. We recommend using EZ-Drive 9.06W or later to ensure support of the full capacity of your hard drive. 2.1 GB Barrier: Some computer systems built before early 1996 do not support hard drives with more than 4095 cylinders (hard drives larger than 2.1 GB), unless you update the system BIOS, install an EIDE controller card with onboard BIOS, or install third-party software such as EZ-Drive. 528 MB Barrier: Most computer systems built before August 1994 do not support hard drives larger than 528 MB, unless you update the system BIOS, install an EIDE controller card with onboard BIOS, or install third-party software such as EZ-Drive. To determine if your system BIOS supports the full capacity of your hard drive, EZ-Drive compares the system CMOS settings to the actual drive size. If the values match, EZ-Drive only partitions and formats the hard drive; it does not install EZ-BIOS. If the values do not match, EZ-Drive partitions and formats the hard drive and installs EZ-BIOS on the boot sector of the hard drive. Operating System and System BIOS Limitations for 8.4 GB and Larger Hard Drives ------------------------------------------------------------- The following is required to access the full capacity of an 8.4 GB or larger hard drive: - A system BIOS that supports extended functions - an operating system that recognizes extended BIOS functions The limitations of your system BIOS and your operating system combined determine your overall system limitation. For example, if your operating system recognizes extended BIOS functions, but your system BIOS has a 2.1 GB drive barrier, you are limited to your system BIOS's 2.1 GB drive barrier. Conversely, if your operating system does not recognize extended BIOS functions, but your system BIOS supports 8.4 GB hard drives, you are limited to your operating system's capability. Your system limitation is based on the lowest functioning barrier. Since it is difficult to determine if your system BIOS supports your 8.4 GB or larger hard drive, we recommend using EZ-Drive 9.06W to support the full capacity of your hard drive. Another option is to upgrade your system BIOS. A properly upgraded system BIOS will support the full capacity of your hard drive if used with an operating system that recognizes extended BIOS functions. Contact your system manufacturer for more information. Operating systems that recognize extended BIOS functions: - Windows 95 - Windows 98 Operating systems that do not recognize extended BIOS functions. - DOS 6.xx and earlier - Windows 3.1x - Windows NT - Novell NetWare - OS/2 Warp Operating System Limitations and Exceptions DOS 6.xx and earlier Windows 3.1x 8.4 GB maximum capacity limit. Hard drive capacities larger than 8.4 GB are recognized as 8.4 GB. Windows NT Windows NT 4.0 with Service Pack 3 supports hard drive capacities larger than 8.4 GB. Novell NetWare Novell NetWare 4.11: Drivers are available to support capacities larger than 8.4 GB. Novell NetWare 5 supports 8.4 GB and larger hard drives. OS/2 Warp Requires patch to support 8.4 GB or larger hard drives. System BIOS Limitations for Hard Drives Larger Than 2.1 GB ----------------------------------------------------------- IMPORTANT If you installed a 2.5 GB or larger hard drive and your system does not respond (locks up) on initial boot, read this section. Hard drives larger than 2.1 GB have more than 4095 cylinders. On some systems, the system BIOS cannot properly recognize hard drives with more than 4095 cylinders. You will know if your system BIOS has this limitation after installing your drive if: - Your operating system shows a much smaller drive capacity than the actual drive capacity. - Your system locks up on initial boot, preventing you from accessing CMOS setup. Operating System Shows a Much Smaller Capacity ---------------------------------------------- If your operating system shows a much smaller drive capacity, use EZ-Drive to overcome the 2.1 GB BIOS limitation. Your System Locks Up on Initial Boot ------------------------------------ If you cannot access the CMOS setup because your system locks up on initial boot, follow the instructions below. 1. Turn off your system power, check the IDE interface cable and power supply cable. 2. Check jumper settings. 3. Turn on your system power. 4. Try to enter your CMOS setup and set the drive type to auto config. If your system still does not respond, your system BIOS may not support drives with more than 4095 cylinders. If this is the case, consider these solutions: A. Use EZ-Drive. If the system locks up and prevents entry to CMOS, you need to turn off your system power and disconnect the IDE interface cable from the system. - Enter your CMOS setup. Refer to your system manual for instructions. - Select the Hard Disk Type option for the new Western Digital hard drive. Select a user defined drive type and enter: 1023 cylinders, 16 heads, and 63 sectors. If your system does not have a user defined drive type, select Type 9. - Reconnect your IDE interface cable to the system. - Run EZ-Drive or boot to the EZ-Drive 9.06W diskette.These new settings allow your system to boot so that you can install EZ-BIOS to access the full capacity of the drive. - OR -If you do not have a user defined or Type 9 drive type, use option B, C, or D below to change the parameters reported to the BIOS. B. Upgrade your system BIOS A properly upgraded system BIOS will support the full capacity of your hard drive. Contact your system manufacturer and closely follow their specific instructions. See page 3 for a list of common system manufacturers and page 12 for BIOS upgrade sources with their phone numbers. C. Install an EIDE controller card with an onboard BIOS that supports hard drives larger than 2.1 GB. For 8.4 GB or larger hard drives, the EIDE controller card must support extended BIOS functions. D. Rejumper the drive as described on the following page and install EZ-Drive. With these alternate jumper settings, you MUST install EZ-Drive. If you move this hard drive to another system, you must put the jumper back to the standard position. Note for Windows NT Users: If your system locks up, and you are using Windows NT, do not use these alternate jumper settings. You need to either use the standard jumper settings on page 2 and select a user defined drive type in CMOS setup or upgrade your system BIOS to support the full capacity of your new hard drive. IMPORTANT These alternative jumper settings DO NOT work with Windows NT, Novell NetWare, or Unix. Single Drive: If you have a 2.5 GB or larger hard drive, your system locks up on initial boot, and the drive you are installing is the only drive in your system, set the jumpers in these positions. Dual (Master) Drive: If you have a 2.5 GB or larger hard drive, your system locks up on initial boot, and the drive you are installing is the master drive in a twondrive system, set the jumpers in these positions. CAUTION: Use these jumper settings only if you encounter the specific BIOS limitation (system locks up) described in this section. These jumper settings cause the drive to report 4092 cylinders (2.1 GB) rather than the actual drive capacity. If you use these jumper settings, you MUST install EZ-Drive to access the full capacity of your new hard drive. Dual (Slave) Drive: If you have a 2.5 GB or larger hard drive, your system locks up on initial boot, and the drive you are installing is the slave drive in a twondrive system, set the jumpers in these positions.